Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022 fundamentally changed the European security environment. Governments that had spent decades emphasizing economic integration and diplomacy were forced to reconsider military readiness and national defense.
Countries closer to Russia have been particularly concerned.
Poland, Finland, Sweden and the Baltic states have strengthened military capabilities and increased attention to preparedness. European governments have also been discussing how to improve the movement of troops and military equipment, increase weapons production and strengthen infrastructure that could be important during a crisis.
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These measures are significant, but they should not automatically be interpreted as preparations for an imminent attack.
There is an important difference between deterrence and aggression.
A government can increase its military capability because it believes that being stronger will discourage an adversary from attacking. It can build defenses, conduct exercises and coordinate with allies without having decided to start a war.
